Problem #1: A concentrated ammonia solution is 27.0 % (m/m) NH3. The density of the solution is 0.900 g/mL. What is the molarity of the solution?
Solution:
1) 27.0 % (m/m) means:
100.0 g of solution contains 27.0 g of NH3
2) Calculate volume of 100.0 g of solution:
100.0 g ÷ 0.900 g/mL = 111.11 mL of solution
3) Determine moles of NH3:
27.0 g ÷ 17.031 g/mol = 1.585344 mol (I kept a few guard digits.)
4) Determine the molarity:
1.585344 mol ÷ 0.11111 L = 14.3 M (to three sf)
Yes, this molarity is possible with NH3. It's very soluble!
Problem #2: Sea water contains 3.90 x 10¯6 ppm of dissolved gold. What volume of this sea water would contain 1.00 g of gold?
Solution:
1) What does "ppm" mean?
The expression "1 ppm" means a given property exists at a relative proportion of one part per million parts examined, as would occur if a water-borne pollutant was present at a concentration of one-millionth of a gram per gram of sample solution.
2) Therefore, 3.90 x 10¯6 ppm means this:
3.90 x 10¯6 g of Au per 1.00 gram of seawater
3) We use a ratio and proportion:
(3.90 x 10¯6 g of Au ÷ 1.00 gram of seawater) = (1.00 g of Au ÷ x)
4) Cross multiply and divide yields our answer:
2.56 x 105 g of sea water contains 1.00 g of gold
Problem #3: A solution used to chlorinate a home swimming pool contains 7% chlorine by mass. An ideal chlorine level for the pool is one part per million chlorine (think of 1 ppm as being 1 g chlorine per million grams of water). If you assume densities of 1.10 g/mL for the chlorine solution and 1.00 g/mL for the swimming pool water, what volume of the chlorine solution in liters, is required to produce a chlorine level of 1.00 ppm in an 18,000 gallon swimming pool?
Solution:
1) Convert 18,000 gallons to liters:
The conversion factor we will use is 1 gallon = 3.7854 L18,000 gal x 3.7854 L/gal = 6.81372 x 104 L
2) Determine how many grams of pool water this is:
6.81372 x 107 mL x 1.00 g/mL = 6.81372 x 107 gNote change from L to mL.
3) At 1 ppm, how much chlorine is required? Use a ratio and proportion:
(1 g chlorine ÷ 106 g pool water) = (x ÷ 6.81372 x 107 g of pool water)x = 68.1372 g chlorine required
4) What amount of 7% (by mass) chlorine solution is required to deliver 68.1372 g of chlorine?
(68.1372 g ÷ 0.07) = (x/1)x = 973.3886 g of chlorine solution required
5) What volume (in liters) is this?
973.3886 g ÷ 1.10 g/mL = 884.8987 mLTo three sig figs (which seems reasonable to the ChemTeam), the answer is 0.885 L.
Problem #4: How many ions are in 20.0 micro liters of 0.00100 micrograms/mL dilution of NaCl?
Solution:
1) Convert 20.0 μL to mL:
20.0 μL x (1 L / 106 μL) = 20.0 x 10¯6 L20.0 x 10¯6 L x (1000 mL/L) = 0.0200 mL
2) Determine grams of NaCl in 0.0200 mL
(0.00100 μg/mL) x 0.0200 mL = 2.00 x 10¯5 μg2.00 x 10¯5 μg x (1 g / 106 μg) = 2.00 x 10¯11 g
3) Determine moles of NaCl:
2.00 x 10¯11 g / 58.443 g/mol = 3.4221378 x 10¯13 mol
4) Determine formula units of NaCl
(3.4221378 x 10¯13 mol) (6.022 x 1023 mol¯1) = 2.0608 x 1011
5) Determine ions of NaCl:
2.0608 x 1011 times 2 = 4.12 x 1011 (to 3 sf)
Problem #5: 25.0 cm3 of a solution of 0.200 M potassium hydroxide reacts with 30.0 cm3 of a solution of nitric acid. What is the concentration of the acid in g dm-3?
Solution:
1) Determine molarity of nitric acid sample:
M1V1 = M2V2(0.200 mol/L) (25.0 cm3) = (x) (30.0 cm3)
x = 0.167 M
2) Determine moles, then grams of HNO3 in 30.0 cm3:
Molarity = moles / volume0.167 M = x / 0.03000 L
x = 0.00500 mol
grams = (0.00500 mol) (63.0119 g/mol) = 0.315 g
3) Determine g dm-3
0.315 g / 0.0300 dm3 = 10.5 g dm-3Remember that one liter equals one cubic decimeter.